Chain and compass surveying pdf

Invented by the english mathematician edmund gunter in the early 17th century, gunters chain is exactly 22 yards about 20 m long and divided into 100 links. Fore bearings and back bearings between the traverse leg are measured. Courtesy of the new hampshire historical society gunters chain was developed in 1620 and consisted of 100 links, each measuring 7. Nov 19, 2015 chain surveying merupakan metode pengukuran kuno yang cocok untuk areal sempit serta datar mudah,efektif dan efisien.

Chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. Main stations are the end of lines that determine the boundary of the surveying. Line or plane passing through geographical north pole and geographical south pole magnetic meridian. Tapes, ranging rods, arrowsmarker paint, prism square, prismatic compass booking board. Chain surveying merupakan metode pengukuran kuno yang cocok untuk areal sempit serta datar mudah,efektif dan efisien. Familiarity with instruments used in compass surveying prismatic compass. If the surveying area is large, chain surveying is not adopted for surveying rather compass surveying. Foresters prefer using the same system and units of measure that were originally used to. This type of survey can be used to measure large areas with reasonable speed and accuracy.

The chain is a unit of length equal to 66 feet 22 yards. The first volume covers in 24 chapters, the most common surveying operations. After participating in this fieldwork students will become more comfortable with handling chain and ranging rods. The survey may be conducted under the following methods.

Instruments used in chain surveying iamcivilengineer. Compass surveying is used for a large undulating area that features many details. Punmia, ashok kumar jain, arun kumar jain surveying vol. A chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. The branch of surveying in which direction of survey line are determine by a compass and their length by a chain or tape is called compass surveying. Topographic surveying chain and tape survey introduction. Overview of plane surveying chain, compass and plane table, objectives, principles, and classifications. Dec 30, 2017 compass surveying is the branch of surveying in which the position of an object is located using angular measurements determined by a compass and linear measurements using a chain or tape. Chain surveying is suitable for a survey of small areas. The types of traverse and methods of traversing are. Compass surveying principles use of prismatic compass, measurement of. Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a magnetic compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured with a tape or chain or laser range finder.

Study of different types of chain and tape used in surveying. The length are measured by a chain or a tape and the directions measured by angle measuring instruments. Plane table is set at every traverse station in clockwise. Before recommending compass survey for any area, it must be ascertained that area is not magnetically disturbed.

In compass survey chain or tape is used for linear measurement. Angular measurements refer to the magnetic bearing or horizontal angle taken by a prismatic compass or theodolite. All about survey chains, and definition of acres in land measurement ta0051 duration. Prismatic compass, chain, arrows, and ranging rods procedure. Providing professional surveying services throughout illinois. May 30, 2019 chaining is a more exact measurement using two people with a 66foot steel tape and a compass. Hence, on the compass east and west are marked interchanged and marked ref. The branch of surveying in which directions of survey lines are determined by a compass and their lengths by chain or tape directly on the surface of the earth, is called compass surveying. It is not an ideal choice for large undulated areas or areas saturated with too many details. The compass calculates bearings of lines with respect to magnetic needle. This was the only means through which directions and the horizontal measurements are made, before the invention of a theodolite or sextant. Each topic introduced is thoroughly described, the theory is rigorously developed, and a large number of numerical. It is not an ideal choice for areas that are likely to have magnetic substances like electric cables conveying currents, iron ore deposits. Survey of an area by chain surveyclosed traverse in this post, i am going to discuss about to survey an open field by chain surveying in order to calculate the area of the open field.

Prismatic compass, stand, chain, tape, ranging rods, pegs, plumb bob, hammer, fieldbook, pencils, eraser. Gunters chain also known as gunters measurement is a distance measuring device used for surveying. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil. In chain and compass traversing, the magnetic bearings of the survey lines are measured by a compass and the lengths of the lines are measured either with a chain or with a tape. By extension, chainage running distance is the distance along a curved or straight survey line from a fixed commencing point, as given by an odometer. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. This volume is one of the two which offer a comprehensive course in those parts of theory and practice of plane and geodetic surveying that are most commonly used by civil engineers. It is the most important line, fixes up the directions of all other lines.

Prismatic compass surveying pdf notes download compass surveying prismatic compass compass traversing important definition true meridian. Tie stations are points which are specified on the chain line main survey lines where it is required to identify interior details like buildings and fences. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. When the magnetic needle is suspended freely and balanced properly. The link is made of galvanized mild steel wire 4 mm to 6mm diameter. Surveyors chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in englishspeaking countries. Aug 20, 2017 chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are taken in the field. Fore bearings and back bearings between the traverse leg are measured theodolite traversing.

Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. Make a reconnaissance of the area and select a suitable framework chain lines and stations based on the criterion given in note 1. The magnetic bearings of the lines are measured by prismatic compass and the distances of the lines are measured by chain. In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. Founded in 1983 by michael filipski, pls, compass has become a leading land surveying and mapping firm providing the highest level of professional surveying services for real estate, land development, energy and public works projects throughout illinois. Tallies are provided at every 2m of the chain for quick reading. Chain surveying dan compass surveying cartography, gis. The area is divided into well conditioned triangles and triangulation is the principle used. Chain surveying dan compass surveying cartography, gis, and.

It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes. Because of its ease of use, it is used during reconnaissance survey as a quick method of surveying to get a rough idea in the location to be surveyed. Chicagoland professional land surveying firm compass surveying. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering.

There are 10 chains in a furlong, and 80 chains in one statute mile. Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. Principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling. Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a magnetic compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured with. This article includes the definition of chain survey along with all detailed information with necessary images about various aspects of chain surveying. The important thing about using the chain is that it is the preferred unit of measure on all public u. This type of surveying is done for surveys of small extent to describe the boundaries of plot of land to locate the existing features on them. Chain and compass surveying field work civil engineering. Compass surveying is the branch of surveying in which the position of an object is located using angular measurements determined by a compass and linear measurements using a chain or tape. Such survey does not require the formation of a network of triangles.

It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Distance of the follower from the starting point is. The principle of compass surveying is traversing, which involves a series of connected lines. Prismatic compass and surveyors compass with tripod stand. Compass surveying is used in following circumstances. The chain included brass rings at every 10 links to facilitate partial measurements. Since the accuracy of the whole survey work depends upon the accuracy of the base line, it should be laid off on the ground level as much as possible. The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth. Compass surveying chain surveying can be used when the area to be surveyed is comparatively small and is fairly flat. Jun, 2012 the reading is taken at the tip of needle.

Chain surveying and compass surveying free download as word doc. Principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling agricultural engineering notes edurev notes for agricultural engineering is made by best teachers who have written some of the best books of agricultural engineering. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. The compass is generally used to run a traverse line. Difference between chain surveying and compass surveying. The first volume focuses on both the theoretical concepts and their practical applications. The direction of the magnetic meridian is established at each traverse station independently. Jan 31, 2018 chain surveying with all equipment chain,arrow,pegs,ranging rod,offset rod. The type of survey which involves a number of connected survey lines and form a frame work is called traverse surveying in traverse surveying the length and direction of any survey line can be measured with any direction measuring instrument such as compass,theodolite and for measuring length chain or tape can be used. Compass surveying to find interior angle of closed traverse in hindi duration. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and.

Chain surveying basic civil engineering questions and. There are two major types of stations in chain surveying. Chain survey surveying is a very old method of surveying. Traverse surveying definition, types, methods, checks. Metric chains are the most commonly used chain in india.

Chain surveying is used when the area to be surveyed is small and flat in nature. After conducting the reconnaissance survey, the surveyor should fix up the positions of all the station, around the given field as usual. These types of chains comes in many lengths such as 5, 10, 20 and 30 meters. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors.

But when the area is large, undulated and crowded with many details, triangulation which is the principle of chain survey is not possible. Pins are used to accurately determine the count of chain length drops and the rear chainman uses the compass to determine the correct bearing. Traversing with prismatic compass and chain calculation of included angles and check. If the surveying area is large, chain surveying is not adopted for surveying rather compass. In chain surveying, the positions of main stations and directions of main survey lines are fixed by tie lines and check lines. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and.

A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions are to be measured and the process of surveying to find such measurements is known as traversing. If the surveying starts from a station, goes round an area and ends at the starting station it is called closed traverse. When the magnetic needle is suspended freely and balanced properly, unaffected by magnetic substances, it indicates a direction. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing. The length of the traverse legs are measured by chain tape or by stadia method plane table traversing. Traversing with prismatic compass and chain closed traverse covering the given area recording. Compass surveying can be defined as the method of surveying in which the directions of the survey lines is determined by means of a compass and also by using tape or a chain. This is the simple method of taking the linear measurement using a chain or tape with no angular measurements made. Difference between prismatic compass and surveyors compass the difference between prismatic and surveyors compass are listed in table. If survey starts from a point, goes along a number of interconnected lines and ends at some other point it is called as open traverse. Compass surveying merupakan metode pengukuran tertutup. The traverse survey are again classified into chain.

In chain surveying, the positions of main stations and directions of main survey lines and check lines. In general, chains are used to measure length and compass or theodolite are used to measure the direction of traverse lines. Classification of surveying generally, surveying is divided into two major categories. A prismatic compass is a navigation and surveying instrument which is extensively used to find out the bearing of the traversing and included angles between them, waypoints an endpoint of the lcourse and direction. Aline or plane passing through geographical north pole and geographical south pole magnetic meridian. Survey data is portrayed graphically by the construction of maps, profiles, cross sections, and diagrams. Aug 29, 2015 linear measurements refer to horizontal distances measured by chain or tape. Linear measurements refer to horizontal distances measured by chain or tape. Prismatic compass surveying pdf notes expert civil. It was not until the conclusion of the revolutionary war that significant advances in surveying were developed, no doubt in large part to formal. In chain surveying, the positions of main stations and directions of main survey lines. Proper care in the use, storage, transportation and adjustment of the equipment is a major factor in the successful completion of a survey. The length of chain is the distance between the outside of handles. Chain survey is the simplest and commonest method used in surveying exercises.

Bahuguna, dheeraj kumar, sunil kumar associate professor, sr. Generally a chain consists of 100 or 150 links each 300 mm or 200 mm length. In chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as. Lecturer, senior technical assistant department of mining engineering, indian school of mines, dhanbad 826004 abstract although surveying techniques have always played a primary role in. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3. Equipment used to find the area using chain surveying. Horizontal angles between the traverse legs are measured. A brief history of surveying tools in north america. The longest chain line in chain surveying is often called the base line. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by english clergyman and mathematician edmund gunter 15811626.

Cant we get this book in the form of pdf file, which we can download. Compass surveying is the type of surveying in which the direction of the survey lines are measured with a compass and the length of the survey lines are measured with a tape or chain in the field. Government land survey maps mostly west of the mississippi river, which include millions of mapped acres charted in sections, townships and ranges. These surveys are of high precision and extend over large areas. Determination of two inaccessible points with compass.